The United States And National Government - 1621 Words

The United States has a federal system of government where the states and national government exercise separate powers within their own spheres of authority. Federalism is a system of government where power is controlled by two levels of government, generally national and state. National government mainly deal with issues that affect the entire country, while state deal with smaller issues on a local level. James Madison says that the states and national government are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers. Alexander Hamilton, suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens benefit: If their the people s rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton had two different ideas about how the national government should work in practice. There are three general understandings of Federalism, they are state-sovereignty, states rights, and nationalism. State sovereignty means that the federal government is merely an agent of the states, while states retain final authority over all their internal matters, even if that results in states ignoring federal law.1 States rights proponents argue that state and federal governments have dual sovereignty, holding power over different realms. By contrast, according to Nationalists, the federal government can exercise its delegated powers even in areas that fall withinShow MoreRelatedThe National Government Of The United States1445 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The National Government of the United States of America consists of three branches. These branches of government, which include the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch, separate the government s power into a form of checks and balances. The system of checks and balances has been set in place to allow the three branches to limit the power of the other branches, this way, no branch is more powerful than the others. Each of these three branches of government will beRead MoreThe United States National Government1804 Words   |  8 Pagesincreasing scope of the United States’ national government. Economic intervention, welfare services and homeland security were never planned to be a part of the national government’s agenda. These programs naturally became rolls of the federal government as time has passed through the needs of the people. The national government has drastically changed over the past 200 years since the original design. During t he civil war and following the great depression the federal government took a major leap inRead MoreGovernment: United States Constitution and National Government1238 Words   |  5 Pageswas a large amount of controversy. With Obama’s choice of Hagel for the Secretary of Defense we see a Vietnam Veteran. He â€Å"†¦ was deputy director of the Veterans Administration during the Reagan administration and later served as president of the United Service Organizations.† (US News) â€Å"While Hagel is a Republican, his views on foreign policy alarm some of his GOP colleagues. During his time in the Senate, Hagel was verbose in his opposition to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, he voted againstRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States National Government1456 Words   |  6 Pageslimits of a government or other institution† (Harr, Hess Orthmann, 2012). The purpose of the Constitution was to make it so that no single person would be able to have power over all others. Before the Constitution even came about, there was the first development of the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were written after the United States had declared independence from Gre at Britain. It established what the functions of the United States national government would be. Read MoreThe United States National Government And California State Essay1893 Words   |  8 PagesThe US national government and California state governments each have their fair similarities and differences. For instance, they are very similar involving the president and governor. As the United States of America has a president, California has their own governor as well. Even though they are not entitled to the same exact responsibilities, they each have a huge importance to their people. The citizens of the United States look up to the president, as the residents of California look up to theirRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Was The First National Government Of The United States1448 Words   |  6 PagesConfederation was the impetus its shortcomings gave to those who favored a strong central government. The first national government of the United States is the Articles of Co nfederation. The Articles of Confederation was approved by the Continental Congress in 1777, it was adopted and written by John Dickinson. However, there was a delay in ratifying the articles by the states. It all came down to property out West. States like Virginia and Massachusetts had claimed numerous land stretching from the EastRead MoreNational Park Service : An Agency Of The United States Federal Government2296 Words   |  10 PagesNATIONAL PARK SERVICE 1.1 Introduction to the National Park Service: The National Park Service is an agency of the United States federal government that was established in 1916 with a mission to manage all U.S. National Parks, some American National Monuments, conservation and historical properties. More specifically the National Park Service was established to protect the nature and wildlife of special areas as well as to improve the experiences of visitors without sacrificing the nature’s resourcesRead MoreEssay on United States Government and Federalism1473 Words   |  6 Pagestwo centuries the United States has grappled with the idea of federalism. While former President James Madison had a very concrete understanding of that form of governance, â€Å"In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments† (Madison, 1788, p. 67), the United States has never had a conclusive divisi on of power between the state and the US FederalRead MoreEssay on Reducing the National Deficit1071 Words   |  5 PagesReducing the National Deficit Many United States citizens are unaware of the countrys current financial state. Many assume that one of the worlds wealthiest countries could never be in debt. This is untrue however, and, in fact, the country with the greatest income per capita is in major debt. This study will examine possible solutions to reducing the United States national budget deficit. Understanding the National Deficit The amount of money that the United States government owes as ofRead MoreAmerica Needs The Patriot Act Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes little to ensure national security. However, this was not the intention of the Bush Administration, who passed this law. One week after September 11, 2001, the Patriot Act, a law that was meant to strengthen national security, was signed by the Bush Administration to ensure that no terrorist attack would ever harm the lives of more Americans. The Patriot Act gave federal law enforcement agencies what they needed to mount an effective and coordinated plan to stop United States Terrorism. The officials

Essay on About the The Abrahamic covenant - 1254 Words

The Abrahamic covenant is one that deals with fertility and the significance of symbolic sacrifices during this time period (Genesis 17:1). In the story of Abraham and Isaac, God â€Å"tests† Abraham by telling him to sacrifice his son. While this may seem cruel, God does not allow Isaac to be sacrificed. While Gods motives are questionable, close reading in Genesis shows that based on the story of Abraham and Isaac, human sacrifice is affirmed but only under certain conditions. A sacrifice that involves the death of a human is unacceptable. However, symbolic sacrifice is a vital part of the story because the â€Å"test† of Abraham is best thought of as a request for a symbolic or ritualistic sacrifice in place of the sacrificing of human life. In†¦show more content†¦Despite the fact that Abraham had a clean track record and had no reason for his loyalty to be questioned, God granted Abraham a long bloodline that would carry on and a son that he loved, so it was a test to make sure that Abraham would not forget all that God guaranteed him Sacrifice does play a big role in the Abrahamic covenant however, because circumcision was a key element in the sealing of the covenant. Circumcision was the physical sacrifice that men made to symbolize their connection with God and each other as a part of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:1). The Abrahamic covenant was the first in the biblical scriptures that had any mention of human sacrifice at all because all sacrifices until up until this point had been of animals. God ordered this new type of â€Å"physical sacrifice†, right after he and Abraham had made the covenant. If not for circumcision, there would be no relationship or promise between God and Abraham becau se essentially the covenant had already been fulfilled through the physical sacrifice of circumcision. Therefore, it would not make sense for Isaac to be killed because the promise of the covenant was dependent on his existence. This type of sacrifice is acceptable because it is a human sacrifice. Males sacrifice blood and a part of their skin as a sign of this covenant. This is important because it shows that human sacrificeShow MoreRelatedThe Old Testament: The Five Covenants Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagesword ‘covenant’ is, in the Old Testament, it is the Hebrew word ‘berith’ and is used many times in different texts. Some scholars my say that the word covenants is hard to find a true meaning. You will hear the word covenant throughout the Old Testament. I think sometimes when we hear the word covenant only one or two covenants come to mind. There are many covenants throughout the Bible. I will attempt to define and explain five covenants. These five covenants are: Noahic Covenant, AbrahamicRead MoreThe Covenant Is A Binding Agreement Between Two Or More Parties1711 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to amightywind.com, a covenant is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties, based on unlimited responsibility. A covenant differs from a contract because covenants require trust from both parties and cannot be voided under new circumstances. In a sense covenant are stronger and more bidding forms of contracts. It is through this method God has chosen to communicate with his believers. There are seven covenants found within the Bible; which are the Abrah amic, Palestinian, Mosaic, DavidicRead MoreAbrahamic Covenant of Grace Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesCOVENANT OF GRACE The New Testament portion of the Bible is widely accepted as the book of hope, grace, love and forgiveness. However, the Old Testament also provides evidence of God’s grace and love for his people. Richard Dawkins opposes this view of the Old Testament God .Richard Dawkins in his book, The God of Delusion states that the God of the Old Testament is a God who is unjust, unforgiving, and vindictive amongst many other negative human nature attributes. Richard Dawkins view of GodRead MoreThe God Of Genesis : Biblical And Destruction Of Humankind1363 Words   |  6 Pagesthat [he does]† (Genesis 21:20). Hagar is not placed at the same level as the Abrahamic prophets. The interaction between Hagar and the angel only takes place since she is impregnated with Abraham’s child, and still continuing on his bloodline. Her interaction with God is through the secondary source of the angel. She is not in direct communication with God. While in other instances, God speaks direc tly to the Abrahamic prophets. Nonetheless, the angel’s interaction with Hagar suggests that the familyRead MoreThe World s Beginning God1673 Words   |  7 Pageslost communion humanity once had with the Father. The Noahic Covenant established his commitment to creation, specifically humanity. The Abrahamic Covenant shows that God’s promises ask for something in return, but are ultimately not conditional on the humans involved. The Davidic Covenant establishes the line for the coming messiah, and models the rise of the coming king. The Mosaic Covenant shows the need salvation. Finally the New covenant is God final promise, to wash away all sins. The Old TestamentRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Old Testament1726 Words   |  7 PagesIn the days of the Old Testament, if you wanted to make a deal with someone, you could either make a promise, or make a covenant with them. However, an important distinction needs to be made here. A promise can be broken without severe consequ ence. To the people of the Ancient Near East, a covenant closely resembled a Suzerainty Treaty; this was a legal bond between two parties, one being the Suzerain with power, and another being the Vassal, that is agreeing to help from the Suzerain. The treatyRead MoreMeaning And Types Of Old Testament Covenants1618 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay attempts to define the meaning and types of Old Testament Covenants and describe The Creation Covenants as seen in the Old Testament. The Creation Covenants will be discussed and their common interpretations will be examined so they will be more easily explained. The Creation Covenants include the Adamic and Noahic Covenants. 1. What is a Covenant? God created humanity as an expression of His loving, relational character. In His wisdom, and because He is the Creator and sustainer of loveRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Old Testament1718 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the days of the Old Testament, if you wanted to make a deal with someone, you could either make a promise, or make a covenant with them. However, an important distinction needs to be made here. A promise can be broken without severe consequence. To the people of the Ancient Near East, a covenant closely resembled a Suzerainty Treaty; this was a legal bond between two parties, one being the Suzerain with power, and another being the Vassal, that is agreeing to help from the SuzerainRead MoreThe Apostle Pauls Writings to the People of Rome on the Matters of the Natural World, Human Identity, Human Relationship and Culture892 Words   |  4 PagesMuslims and Christians. They talk about the fear that Christians have in preaching the â€Å"Good New† outside of the church in Syria, and how much persecution/genocide is happening there. (Moody Radio, 2014) Although I knew that the world was having trouble it didn’t quite sink in until this point. Becoming a Christian has ch anged my view on the world; I would have never thought twice about these issues until I opened my heart to Jesus Christ. In this essay I will talk about the Apostle Paul’s writings toRead MoreThe Five Covenants : The Davidic, Noahic, Abrahamic, Mosaic, And The New1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe Five Covenants The five major Covenants are the Davidic, Noahic, Abrahamic, Mosaic, and the New Covenants. These Covenants are God’s promises to is people that show the redemptive power of God’s love and the blessing that He bestowed upon the Israelites as well as the curses. Within the Old Testament of the Bible there are in its entirety 39 books that books of law, wisdom, prophetical, wisdom, as well as poetry. All of these books are bound together succession by the Five Covenants

Literary interpretation essay Free Essays

Charles Dickens’ novel Hard Times puts premium on the existing economic and social burdens that pressed on individuals during his time. One of the most noticeable features written throughout the text of the novel is that it is filled with family struggles, sorrow, decaying morals as well as the element of estrangement. For example, Thomas Gradgrind, one of the characters, is depicted as a man whose deep fascination with imprudent utilitarian principles leads him to give full confidence to statistics and facts as well as to the idea of practicality of things. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary interpretation essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In essence, the book is thought to be too didactic as it appears to merely express the negative aspects of the industrial age prominent during Dickens’ time, further giving us the impression that the characters in the novel are mere caricatures and that their sentiments sequin inasmuch as the morality is being portrayed as frail. This is one of the many interesting and thought-provoking elements in the novel that has roused the minds of many, with critics taking aim at the very illustration ascribed by Dickens to the characters. Hippolyte Taine argues that the characters in the novel actually fall under two main distinctions: either the characters are individuals who both have feelings and emotions or the characters lack these two. He further suggests that the characters only serve the purpose of filling-up the content of the novel and inducing more hilarity and that Dickens actually compares the soul created by nature to that of the soul deformed by the society. The arguments being raised by Taine brings us a closer look into the character portrayals as well as into the context upon which the characters are placed. The claim being put forward by Taine indeed contains a strand of validity with regards to the histrionic villains primarily because the characters in the novel are portrayed as individuals who appear to be guised as machines by obstruct the enhancement in their feelings. This can be observed primarily from the exploits of Thomas Gradgrind and Bounderby where the former teaches his brood and the rest of his family through the use of facts and statistics and the latter handles his factory employees as entities without emotions thereby abusing them to further his own benefits. On the other hand, one can also perceive the notion that the didactic view of Taine only amplifies the idea that the novel of Dickens is one that is complex. Part of the reason to this can be observed from the fact that the novel itself, by suggesting themes contained in the time of industrialization, has several aspects worthy of looking into. Not only is the entirety of the novel to be treated as a whole and undivided literary work. Rather, it is a complex novel as well, suggesting subject matters such as the automation of the lives of humans, the conflict existing amid fact and fancy, as well as the significance of womanliness to name a few. Further, there are characters in the novel that exhibit a form of doubles or alter egos which Dickens utilizes in order to challenge the perception of reality centering on the subject widespread in the prevailing forms of culture in classic realism as well as in great Romanticism. Part of this can be reflected on Bounderby’s attempt of using his workers in order to promote his personal interests, suggesting the idea that the character of Bounderby can also be analyzed in terms of personal motivations apart from the idea that the character can be primarily examined in terms of the subject’s actions. These observations lead us to the assumption that Dickens’ work is more complex than how Taine views it by didactic means. One should be reminded that, although Taine makes a good point in arguing that the characters may or may not illustrate feelings and emotions, the characters nevertheless can be scrutinized further by focusing on the motivations behind their actions and the context of the time where the story operates. It brings into light the complex and intricate strands of unconventional behavior exhibited during times when life ought to have been a little easier for the individual. The relative complexity of characterization is likewise significant in the novel essentially because it does not only heighten the motifs in the novel but also connects these motifs altogether in a congruent flow of thoughts that establishes the central and major contention of the novel. Among these motifs include the childhood years of Bounderby, marriages that are both uneven and miserable and the comparison of mechanical time to that of the changing of seasons to name a few. Further, several symbols depicted in the novel also add to the complexity displayed by the characters throughout the story. Some of these include the staircase imagined by Mrs. Sparsit, the Pegasus situated inside the inn, the smoke serpents that relate to the perceptions and actuations of Bounderby, and the fire or, more specifically, the inner fire exemplified in the character of Louisa. Indeed, these factors and the rest of the literary observations go against the claim of Taine, highlighting instead the complexity of the novel of Dickens as a whole and the dense characterizations of the individuals. It can be said—as opposed to Taine’s dichotomized treatment on the characters—that the characters bend towards flexibility of character, acting as empty of emotion on this aspect and appearing as filled with emotion on the other. Bounderby, for example, shows little or no affection towards the workers while, on the other hand, exhibiting a sense of fulfillment in furthering his interests. In general, Charles Dickens’ novel has prompted criticisms that seek to critique the portrayal of characters in the novel, raising arguments that aim at simplifying the complex story into seeming dichotomies. Quite on the contrary, the overall image of the novel is already intricate and that the scenes and the characters altogether conjure the complete complexity of the work. Reference Taine, Hippolyte. â€Å"The Two Classes of Characters in Hard Times.†Ã‚   Hard Times : An Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism. 3rd ed. New York, NY: W W Norton Co Inc, 2000. 355. How to cite Literary interpretation essay, Essay examples

Management and Geography of Innovation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Management and Geography of Innovation. Answer: Introduction Outsourcing business process can be defined as an important strategy, where a business organisation set up official contract with third party agencies in order to carry out important operational function and responsibilities. In many cases the business organisation hires suppliers in order to get access to raw materials and other important resources. Large scale companies and multinational corporations have been using the technique of Outsourcing business process that are needed to deal with the various challenges related to operational activities. It enables the company to achieve organisational flexibility and also reduce the cost of business operation. There are several examples of multinational companies using Global talents with the help of outsourcing unit. Considering the significance of outsourcing in business operation of current days, the report aims to analyse the advantages and drawbacks of this system in the global environment. In the current era of globalisation, most of the multinational corporations preferred to work in business partnership. This can help them in the process of expanding the business. This can provide the companies access to wide range of workers having effective skills. Other hand there is various examples of large scale companies but they have suffered loss due to Outsourcing business from third party agents. Hence, it is important to analyse both the positive and negative aspects of outsourcing business in order to understand its impact in the current Global Business scenario. The current project will aim to discuss the existing literature that is related to outsourcing business unit and thereby highlighting the advantage and disadvantages associated with this process. The current project will provide literature review from the peer-reviewed journal articles that are related to the Research work of business Outsourcing process. There will be some real life examples provided that will help to highlight upon positive and negative aspects of outsourcing business process. It is essential for all business companies to have Outsourcing partner in order to deal with the challenge of resource shortage and efficiency of skilled labours. The current project will also highlight upon the importance of the most parts that are related to the outsourcing business. The limitation and the existing gap that exist within the literature will also be discussed within the current project. Advantages of outsourcing business Javalgi et al. (2011), have mentioned that with the help of Outsourcing business process it is possible to decrease the overall expenditure of the company. This is mainly due to the fact that the large-scale multinational corporations are able to hire workers from third party organisations at much lower rate. This is evident from the fact that most of the American and European in MNCs recruit workouts from the Asian countries including India Bangladesh and China, where the cost of labour is much lower. Hence it is possible for the organisation to carry out all the major operational tasks at much lower rate. It is also important to mention that extreme low cost labour rate in China have resulted in the fact that most of the electronic manufacturing join have set up their manufacturing unit in the nation (Lacity and Willcocks 2013). As the companies are able to hire candidates from foreign Nations, it is also possible for them to bring about innovation within the manufacturing and operational process. There are also no risks of violating the legal rules related to protection of intellectual properties as they inherit and apply the innovative ideas in the business process. Lacity and Willcocks (2012), have mentioned that with the help of the Outsourcing business process it is possible for the companies to provide better quality of after Sales Service. The overall Lead time of product delivery can also be decreased. The companies will be able to implement better level of value proposition that is achieved with the help of faster delivery of the service. The companies are able to implement the policy of foster innovation that is possible with the help of improved level of skill of the workers. In the current days the companies have to spend huge amount on setting up the technological infrastructure that is needed in the manufacturing unit. With the implication of outsourcing business process it is possible to lower the cost of technological infrastructure as the third party agencies are responsible for majority of the manufacturing work (Bharadwaj et al. 2010). One of the popular examples of this type of business outsourcing in the process of manufacturing is the partnership between Apple Inc. and Foxconn, who is the biggest manufacturing partner of Apple. The Foxconn is responsible for manufacturing all the major smartphones that are being sold under the brand name of Apple. With the help of this manufacturing outsourcing, Apple has able to increase up on their manufacturing units. Hence, in the present days the iPhone has a strong foothold in the smartphone market of the Asian countries. It has thereby allowed Apple to expand the market and increase the level of sale in the respective Nation. There is also the example of Samsung, which is one of the largest electronic giants of the world. Most of the Products that are sold under the brand name of Samsung have a definite period of warranty. There are various third party agents, who have set up partnership with Samsung in order to provide after sale service to all the manufacturing defects that are encountered by the customers after buying any product. The BPO units of the Samsung company has helped to provide better customer support and sales service, which is one of the major reason for high brand value and healthy reputation of Samsung. Core area focus of Business Implementation of business plan involves various secondary activities that are an essential part of the overall business operation. It is important for the company to conduct high level of marketing research and collect information that are necessary in the process of making business plan. It is important to mention that with the fast changing scenario of business environment, these essential for all business units to have the latest information of the consumer market. This can help them to maintain sustainability and have healthy competitive advantage. Carnahan and Somaya (2013), have mentioned that with the help of various marketing research firms, it is possible for large scale company to collect the necessary marketing data that are needed in making business plan. With the primary raw data available for the marketing and sales managers, it is possible for them to focus upon the core business processes that include making of the blueprint of marketing plan. It is also possible for the companies to save the time that is needed in making up the marketing plan with the help of advanced forms of marketing research. With the shortage of skilled labour and employees, one of the major challenges that are encountered by all companies is to select and recruit the perfect candidate for the job. There are cases, where companies outsource workers from consulting agencies in order to reduce the burden of the selection process (Bhm et al. 2011). It is also possible for the large scale companies to recruit workers from all parts of the globe as they outsource them from all parts of the globe. With the high demand of product and services for the large scale industries, it is essential that the business operational unit are active for 24 hours in a day. Lacity et al. (2010), have mentioned about the time zone advantage that are associated with the business operations that allows the business to operate in all time of the day according to the time zone of different parts of the globe. This is mainly possible due to the fact that the companies are able to hire workers from all parts of the globe. Hence it is possible for the customers and clients to contact to the company at any time of the day. With the advancement of globalisation in business, it is essential that all business operational process are continued for 24 hours in order to sustain maximum production. Disadvantage of outsourcing business One of the main purposes of outsourcing business unit is to reduce the overall expenditure of the company. The research paper of Nadkarni and Herrmann (2010), have highlighted the fact that there are various hidden cost that are involved due to Outsourcing business operational process. This is mainly due to the fact that large scale companies have to set up an official business contract with the third party agencies. The cost of setting up this business contract and also the legal procedures that are associated with this function is often neglected as a part of companys expenditure. There is cost of hiring Legal Experts in order to ensure that there are no unfair or unethical ways implemented in the overall outsourcing business. These costs are generally excluded from the financial reports of the company and are therefore form a major part of the companys hidden cost. As the business firms hire resources and raw materials from the outsourcing unit, in most of the occasion they have no control over the pricing that are demanded by the Outsourcing suppliers (Massini and Miozzo 2012). With variation in the pricing of raw materials needed in manufacturing process, it is not possible for the company to have a fixed price of their branded product. Moreover, there is also no fixed regulation that can control over the pricing of resources. This is one of the major drawbacks of outsourcing business as the companies could not have a fixed budget over the expenditure and earnings. Synchronization deliverable Issues It is essential for the large-scale multinational corporations to hire reliable source of third party agent in order to get the supply of resources in the form of outsourcing. According to Mani, et al. (2010), one of the significant challenge that are encountered in the context is due to the fact that in most of the occasions, it is not possible for the managers to have total control of the activities of workers of third party agents. Hence, it is not possible for the business and Outsourcing you need to have synchronisation within their activities of business operation. This can ultimately compromise upon the organisational performance and rate of production. As the large scale business company hire Outsourcing unit in order to carry out their operational activities, they have to share all the company detail company information with the third party agencies. Bustinza et al. (2010), have mentioned about the risks that are involved in the context due to the fact that there is the risk of information being leaked to public domain. As the companies lose the data within the public domain, they also have the risk of losing competitive advantage to the business rivals. There is also the risk that the information related to the financial performance of the company can be misused that can ultimately cause financial loss to the company. Conclusion In the conclusion note it can be said that the major advantages the companies enjoy in the current period due to Outsourcing business process is due to the fact that they are able to reduce the overall expenditure of business operation has the cost of labour is low. Nevertheless, there are many hidden cost that can lower the profit level of the company. Additionally, due to lack of control in pricing, it is not possible for the company to have a fixed cost of the products or services. With the help of outsourcing business it is possible to operate the business for 24 hours. Hence, with the help of the outsourcing business, it is possible to deal with the challenges that are related to the business operation. On the other hand, there is the risk of sensitive data being leaked to public domain that can compromise upon the level of business performance and also have the risk of losing competitive advantage. The current literature have the very well described the Positive and negative aspects of outsourcing business. Nevertheless, the major gaps that exist in the current literature are due to the fact that it has not able to suggest proper intervention ways to deal with the drawbacks of outsourcing business. Reference Bharadwaj, S.S., Saxena, K.B.C. and Halemane, M.D., 2010. Building a successful relationship in business process outsourcing: an exploratory study. European Journal of Information Systems, 19(2), pp.168-180. Bhm, M., Leimeister, S., Riedl, C. and Krcmar, H., 2011. Cloud ComputingOutsourcing 2.0 or a new business model for IT provisioning?. Application management, pp.31-56. Bustinza, O.F., Arias-Aranda, D. and Gutierrez-Gutierrez, L., 2010. Outsourcing, competitive capabilities and performance: an empirical study in service firms. International Journal of Production Economics, 126(2), pp.276-288. Carnahan, S. and Somaya, D., 2013. Alumni effects and relational advantage: the impact on outsourcing when a buyer hires employees from a supplier's competitors. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6), pp.1578-1600. Javalgi, R.R.G., Gross, A.C., Benoy Joseph, W. and Granot, E., 2011. Assessing competitive advantage of emerging markets in knowledge intensive business services. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 26(3), pp.171-180. Lacity, M. and Willcocks, L., 2012. Outsourcing business and IT services: the evidence of success, robust practices and contractual challenges. Legal Information Management, 12(1), pp.2-8. Lacity, M.C. and Willcocks, L.P., 2013. Outsourcing business processes for innovation. MIT Sloan management review, 54(3), p.63. Lacity, M.C., Khan, S., Yan, A. and Willcocks, L.P., 2010. A review of the IT outsourcing empirical literature and future research directions. Journal of Information technology, 25(4), pp.395-433. Mani, D., Barua, A. and Whinston, A., 2010. An empirical analysis of the impact of information capabilities design on business process outsourcing performance. Mis Quarterly, pp.39-62. Massini, S. and Miozzo, M., 2012. Outsourcing and offshoring of business services: challenges to theory, management and geography of innovation. Regional Studies, 46(9), pp.1219-1242. Nadkarni, S. and Herrmann, P.O.L., 2010. CEO personality, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: The case of the Indian business process outsourcing industry. Academy of Management Journal, 53(5), pp.1050-1073.

Outsiders free essay sample

Ponyboy Curtis is a 14-year-old boy whose world has been turned upside down. His parents were killed in an automobile accident just eight months before The Outsiders story takes place. He lives with his oldest brother, Darry, who is 20 years old and has legal custody of him and his other brother, Sodapop, who is 16. Darry characterizes Ponyboy as lacking common sense. Pony agrees with this assessment. He readily admits that he is smart at school, but sometimes he just doesnt think. These occasions get Pony into trouble that he could avoid. This is one aspect of his character that readers are able to see evolve throughout the book. Ponyboy learns that his behavior impacts others, and this newly acquired maturity leads to the telling of The Outsiders story. The brothers are greasers, a class term that refers to the young men on the East Side, the poor side of town. We will write a custom essay sample on Outsiders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are known for their long, greased hair. The brothers also belong to a small, tightly knit neighborhood gang. Pony explains, there are just small bunches of friends who stick together, and the warfare is between the social classes. Pony is the youngest member of their gang, and the other gang members represent extended family members to him. He is able to find security in his friendships with them, and they help fill the void created by his parents deaths. Ponyboy narrates the novel, and this narration is a catharsis for him. The reader is able to see the changes in Ponys viewpoints as he is dealing with many issues that are common in an adolescents life. The most powerful issue is that life is not fair. From the deaths of his parents, to the economic conditions that cast them as greasers, to the deaths of his friends, life is not fair to Ponyboy. During this two-week period, Pony has to weather three deaths — two greasers and one from the rival gang, the Socs. The Socs, short for Socials, are the West-side rich kids. By realizing that death at a young age is equally unfair for all of them, Pony is able to not only survive, but to justify his own existence. He takes it upon himself to make their deaths mean something. Darry and Sodapop Curtis are Ponyboys older brothers who, along with being greasers, are adjusting to life on their own. Darry has taken over the esponsibility of guardianship, forfeiting college and working to enable the three of them to stay together. Soda, never very good in school, has dropped out at age 16 and is working to help support the family. Both boys focus on the future of Ponyboy; ensuring his success is the driving force of the family. Perspective is a very important issue that runs throughout this novel. Being an outsider is a matter of perspective. The brothers relationships are viewed di fferently according to each others perspective. Pony resents Darrys constant nagging and discipline. But Darry is imposing these rules out of concern for Ponys well-being. Pony loves Soda and is thankful for him: Soda always takes up for me. But he is unaware that the strain of being the one in the middle is almost too much for Soda: @Golly, you two, its bad enough having to listen to it, but when you start trying to get me to take sides. . . . Tears welled up in his eyes, Were all weve got left. Dally Winston had been in gangs in New York City before joining the greasers. He is Ponyboys least favorite member of the gang, and Pony considers him tougher, colder, meaner. Johnny and Pony turn to Dally when they need help escaping after Johnny kills Bob.

The Ultimate Guide to Writing Awesome Blog Posts - Freewrite Store

The Ultimate Guide to Writing Awesome Blog Posts - Freewrite Store These days, everyone seems to be blogging. It’s the ‘cool’ thing to do. Content Management Systems (CMS) like WordPress make starting your own blog simple. But you only have to spend a short time perusing other blogs to discover that there’s much more to it than making it look pretty. Virtually anyone can write a blog post. Writing awesome blog posts that others are eager to read takes much more effort and skill. When you’re just starting out, that can seem like looking up a huge mountain. You wonder if you can achieve those blogging dreams. I know.   I’ve been blogging for almost ten years and I’m still learning new tricks to make my posts more engaging and readable. One question I get asked most as a writing coach is if there’s an easy way to consistently write awesome blog posts. I’d never describe writing captivating content as easy - but it’s easierwhen you have the right tools. In this ultimate guide, I’ll show you how. The Key Ingredients Fine-dining chefs know that the quality of their culinary masterpieces depends on the quality of their ingredients. Likewise, the best blog writers understand that the quality of their writing depends on a set of ingredients that can’t be compromised on. As a writer, you’ll know that different types of writing need different skills. Writing a blog post isn’t like writing a novel - and if you’re used to writing long pieces of content, writing blog posts can be a sharp learning curve. To make it more complex, there are different types of blog posts, too. Listicles, articles, how-to-guides†¦ the list is endless. But, blog posts of all kinds share common key ingredients you can use as a kind of formula to create blog posts that your readers will find irresistible. 1. Hard-Working Headline Headlines are like hooks that snare your readers in and entice them to keep reading. For centuries, newspaper editors have been using headline psychology to increase readership. Yet when it comes to blogging, writers often fall into the trap of thinking the body of your posts matters more than the headline. It doesn’t. Well, technically the content matters more to give value to your readers - but without a hard-working headline, no one will read the blog post, anyway. You can see how that’s a problem. I know writers who spend more time writing their headlines than they do their content - and they’re the writers who see their blog posts go viral. Go figure. So, what makes a headline hard-working? These kinds of headlines are powerful, persuasive - and tell the reader what to expect. Smart bloggers use psychology to get into the heads of their audience and write headlines that can’t be ignored. The best way to learn how to write these kinds of headlines is to Google your topic - and see what the top ranking blog headlines are. Study them. Learn from other bloggers who’ve been where you are now and have reached that pinnacle of success you’re aiming for. Want to perfect your headline-writing technique to make creating epic blog posts easier? Spend an hour every day writing headlines - and re-writing them to make them better. Practice makes perfect - plus, you’ll be generating hundreds of blog post titles for future use. Types of headlines include: How-to... List (tip - use an odd number, e.g. 7, 13, 45) Warning! (exploit the reader’s FOMO) The ultimate guide to... Why... Headlines that tease your reader without giving too much away virtually guarantee they’ll read your post. Put yourself in the shoes of your readers - and write the kinds of headlines that would make you click and read.   2. Irresistible Intro The headline hooks your reader. The intro convinces them to keep reading. To write irresistible intros you need to understand your readers, be able to relate to their problems, know what they’re looking for - and speak to them in a language they ‘get’. My background is in Linguistics, so when I first wrote blog posts, they were dire. Not because I didn’t know how to write - but because I was used to writing academic papers. My blogs would have delighted my professors - but they didn’t speak to my readers. A powerful and irresistible intro uses empathy to convince your readers you get them. You care about them. You want to help them with some problem or give them something they’re looking for. Exploiting emotions is another trick you can use to craft enticing intros. Which emotions you exploit depends on the post you’re writing - but before you start writing, know what feelings you want to cultivate in your reader. Learn from bloggers who’ve been in your shoes. Look at how they do it. The top ranking bloggers are at the top of the search results because they’re at the top of their game. Study their techniques - and start practicing. 3. Epic, Valuable Advice Want your readers to love your blog so much they can’t wait to share it on Facebook or Twitter? Of course you do - that’s how you grow your readership and build your reputation as a kick-ass writer. But we’re a consumer-culture. You don’t get anything for nothing. You want your readers to do something at the end of the post? Give them something valuable in return. I don’t mean you have to buytheir recommendation. You want to compel them to take action, not force them. The value is in what your blog post offers them. Do you have a solution to their problem that no one else has suggested? Can you help them learn a skill they need? Figure out what your readers will value most, and give it to them. Prove that you know what you’re talking about - and get them eager to read your next blog posts, too. But don’t just stop there. Give them more than they’re expecting from a blog post. The more you give them, the more they’ll love you. It’s really that simple. If other bloggers are giving 10 tips for something, give 15, 20 or even 25 - and maybe throw in a PDF they can download (in exchange for their email address). Make your advice easy for them to read, digest, and act on. This part of your blog post is the meat - and if you don’t make it easy to digest, you risk losing your reader - no matter how valuable your advice is. Subheadings and short paragraphs are the blogger’s best friend. If a paragraph is over four lines long, it’s too long and needs breaking up. Watch the length of your sentences, too. Tons of people read blogs and more on smartphones - and long paragraphs on a desktop are even longer on a smartphone. You’re aiming to improve your reader’s life - so don’t make it hard for them to read! 4. Kick-Ass Conclusion Finishing your blog post strong is sometimes harder than starting it. How do you close your post off with a bang when you’ve already delivered so much? It takes practice to get this part right. You want to motivate your readers and get them coming back for more. But you also need to keep it short and punchy. What you must avoid in your conclusion is adding new information. Readers hate that. All the hard work you’ve done so far can be undone with a poorly thought out conclusion. The key to writing a powerful, motivating conclusion is to write it to yourself. Yes, that sounds weird, but it works. You’re an expert on the topic, so you’ve been in your reader’s shoes. So, what would you write to your former self now you’ve overcome the challenges? What did you wish someone had said to you back then? What encouragement did you long to hear? Maybe you didhear it. So give your readers a pep talk, empower them - and give them the confidence to put all your valuable advice into action. Style Matters That’s the ingredients taken care of. But you can’t throw a load of ingredients into a pot and expect a culinary masterpiece to emerge. There’s more to producing consistently awesome blog posts than the ingredients. Your style matters, too. The style of your posts will vary according to your audience. It’s easy to forget you’re writing for them, not for you. Don’t make that mistake. To write to your readers and forthem: Use the language and style they use Speak to them directly Avoid jargon they won’t understand Present information logically Readability Readability is a big thing in the blogging world. The Flesch Reading Ease scale is a great tool for bloggers to use to check how easy your writing is to read. There are tons of different tools you can use to measure it. Keeping an eye on your readability score can really improve your blog writing. It helps you focus on your reader’s comprehension, not on using big words and technical jargon. You should aim for a readability score of 60 or more. Since I’ve been using a readability tool, my score’s gone from an average of 58-60 to an average of 78-82. It works. Putting in Your Personality Allowing your personality to shine through your writing adds a personal touch to your blog posts that readers love. They’re more likely to subscribe to your blog posts - or at least bookmark your blog - when you add that human element. It creates a kind of relationship - and makes your blog posts sound different from all the other blog posts competing for your readers’ attention. Breaking Grammar Rules Writing consistently awesome blog posts means you have to break rules. Grammar rules, that is. All those things you were taught in school about split infinitives and contractions - your readers (mostly) don’t care about. Unless you’re writing a blog about grammar, of course. Blogs are much more informal. You’re speaking to your readers, not writing them an essay. Writing in a style they can relate to matters so much more than maintaining the rules of grammar. Polishing Your Posts Never hit the publish button until you’ve polished your posts. Ever. Your first draft might be perfect. It might be utterly awesome and epic. But don’t publish it yet. Please. Every writer’s different. Some leave their writing for a few days before they edit. Others leave it a few hours. It’s up to you - as long as you edit. When you come back to your blog post, you’re looking to polish till it’s perfect: Cut unnecessary words Add more emotion Break up any paragraphs that look too long Fact check Check the flow Add highlights Spark the senses Check your consistency Creating Irresistible Content, Consistently You want to write irresistible blog posts your readers will love, and you want to do it easily. The good news is that you’ve now got a formula for awesome blog posts. The bad news is that the formula makes it easier rather than easy. Writing awesome blog posts takes effort. It takes time. It takes practice. But you can do it. You’ve got all the tools you need to write blogs your readers will love. Yes, you’ll have moments of doubt. We all do. That’s just part of being a writer. You’ll look at the blog posts that the top ranking bloggers have written and wonder if you can ever compete. You can. You can’t let fear or intimidation stop you. You wouldn’t be reading this post if you didn’t believe, somewhere deep down inside, that you have it in you to write consistently awesome blogs. Learn from the writers who have gone before you - but don’t be intimidated by them. They were in your shoes not so long ago, and look where they are now. You’ll never get there if you don’t start, though. Start today. Start with hard-working headlines, and work your way up until it’s your blog that’s sitting at the top of the rankings and you that the world is turning to for advice.       About the author: Ariella is an experienced copywriter, editor, and digital marketing consultant. Driven by a passion for writing and content creation she takes pride in producing articles that deliver the latest information in an engaging manner and marketing campaigns that deliver exceptional results. Ariella has a BA (Hons) in English Language and Creative Writing (First), an MA in Theology and Ministry, and is a published author of three novels and a bestselling non-fiction book. A creative at heart, Ariella has 14 years’ industry experience and always aims to keep abreast of current trends and developments. She lives in the UK with her three beagles Zeke, Hope, and Sandy, who always make life interesting. The Ultimate Guide to Writing Awesome Blog Posts - Freewrite Store These days, everyone seems to be blogging. It’s the ‘cool’ thing to do. Content Management Systems (CMS) like WordPress make starting your own blog simple. But you only have to spend a short time perusing other blogs to discover that there’s much more to it than making it look pretty. Virtually anyone can write a blog post. Writing awesome blog posts that others are eager to read takes much more effort and skill. When you’re just starting out, that can seem like looking up a huge mountain. You wonder if you can achieve those blogging dreams. I know.   I’ve been blogging for almost ten years and I’m still learning new tricks to make my posts more engaging and readable. One question I get asked most as a writing coach is if there’s an easy way to consistently write awesome blog posts. I’d never describe writing captivating content as easy - but it’s easierwhen you have the right tools. In this ultimate guide, I’ll show you how. The Key Ingredients Fine-dining chefs know that the quality of their culinary masterpieces depends on the quality of their ingredients. Likewise, the best blog writers understand that the quality of their writing depends on a set of ingredients that can’t be compromised on. As a writer, you’ll know that different types of writing need different skills. Writing a blog post isn’t like writing a novel - and if you’re used to writing long pieces of content, writing blog posts can be a sharp learning curve. To make it more complex, there are different types of blog posts, too. Listicles, articles, how-to-guides†¦ the list is endless. But, blog posts of all kinds share common key ingredients you can use as a kind of formula to create blog posts that your readers will find irresistible. 1. Hard-Working Headline Headlines are like hooks that snare your readers in and entice them to keep reading. For centuries, newspaper editors have been using headline psychology to increase readership. Yet when it comes to blogging, writers often fall into the trap of thinking the body of your posts matters more than the headline. It doesn’t. Well, technically the content matters more to give value to your readers - but without a hard-working headline, no one will read the blog post, anyway. You can see how that’s a problem. I know writers who spend more time writing their headlines than they do their content - and they’re the writers who see their blog posts go viral. Go figure. So, what makes a headline hard-working? These kinds of headlines are powerful, persuasive - and tell the reader what to expect. Smart bloggers use psychology to get into the heads of their audience and write headlines that can’t be ignored. The best way to learn how to write these kinds of headlines is to Google your topic - and see what the top ranking blog headlines are. Study them. Learn from other bloggers who’ve been where you are now and have reached that pinnacle of success you’re aiming for. Want to perfect your headline-writing technique to make creating epic blog posts easier? Spend an hour every day writing headlines - and re-writing them to make them better. Practice makes perfect - plus, you’ll be generating hundreds of blog post titles for future use. Types of headlines include: How-to... List (tip - use an odd number, e.g. 7, 13, 45) Warning! (exploit the reader’s FOMO) The ultimate guide to... Why... Headlines that tease your reader without giving too much away virtually guarantee they’ll read your post. Put yourself in the shoes of your readers - and write the kinds of headlines that would make you click and read.   2. Irresistible Intro The headline hooks your reader. The intro convinces them to keep reading. To write irresistible intros you need to understand your readers, be able to relate to their problems, know what they’re looking for - and speak to them in a language they ‘get’. My background is in Linguistics, so when I first wrote blog posts, they were dire. Not because I didn’t know how to write - but because I was used to writing academic papers. My blogs would have delighted my professors - but they didn’t speak to my readers. A powerful and irresistible intro uses empathy to convince your readers you get them. You care about them. You want to help them with some problem or give them something they’re looking for. Exploiting emotions is another trick you can use to craft enticing intros. Which emotions you exploit depends on the post you’re writing - but before you start writing, know what feelings you want to cultivate in your reader. Learn from bloggers who’ve been in your shoes. Look at how they do it. The top ranking bloggers are at the top of the search results because they’re at the top of their game. Study their techniques - and start practicing. 3. Epic, Valuable Advice Want your readers to love your blog so much they can’t wait to share it on Facebook or Twitter? Of course you do - that’s how you grow your readership and build your reputation as a kick-ass writer. But we’re a consumer-culture. You don’t get anything for nothing. You want your readers to do something at the end of the post? Give them something valuable in return. I don’t mean you have to buytheir recommendation. You want to compel them to take action, not force them. The value is in what your blog post offers them. Do you have a solution to their problem that no one else has suggested? Can you help them learn a skill they need? Figure out what your readers will value most, and give it to them. Prove that you know what you’re talking about - and get them eager to read your next blog posts, too. But don’t just stop there. Give them more than they’re expecting from a blog post. The more you give them, the more they’ll love you. It’s really that simple. If other bloggers are giving 10 tips for something, give 15, 20 or even 25 - and maybe throw in a PDF they can download (in exchange for their email address). Make your advice easy for them to read, digest, and act on. This part of your blog post is the meat - and if you don’t make it easy to digest, you risk losing your reader - no matter how valuable your advice is. Subheadings and short paragraphs are the blogger’s best friend. If a paragraph is over four lines long, it’s too long and needs breaking up. Watch the length of your sentences, too. Tons of people read blogs and more on smartphones - and long paragraphs on a desktop are even longer on a smartphone. You’re aiming to improve your reader’s life - so don’t make it hard for them to read! 4. Kick-Ass Conclusion Finishing your blog post strong is sometimes harder than starting it. How do you close your post off with a bang when you’ve already delivered so much? It takes practice to get this part right. You want to motivate your readers and get them coming back for more. But you also need to keep it short and punchy. What you must avoid in your conclusion is adding new information. Readers hate that. All the hard work you’ve done so far can be undone with a poorly thought out conclusion. The key to writing a powerful, motivating conclusion is to write it to yourself. Yes, that sounds weird, but it works. You’re an expert on the topic, so you’ve been in your reader’s shoes. So, what would you write to your former self now you’ve overcome the challenges? What did you wish someone had said to you back then? What encouragement did you long to hear? Maybe you didhear it. So give your readers a pep talk, empower them - and give them the confidence to put all your valuable advice into action. Style Matters That’s the ingredients taken care of. But you can’t throw a load of ingredients into a pot and expect a culinary masterpiece to emerge. There’s more to producing consistently awesome blog posts than the ingredients. Your style matters, too. The style of your posts will vary according to your audience. It’s easy to forget you’re writing for them, not for you. Don’t make that mistake. To write to your readers and forthem: Use the language and style they use Speak to them directly Avoid jargon they won’t understand Present information logically Readability Readability is a big thing in the blogging world. The Flesch Reading Ease scale is a great tool for bloggers to use to check how easy your writing is to read. There are tons of different tools you can use to measure it. Keeping an eye on your readability score can really improve your blog writing. It helps you focus on your reader’s comprehension, not on using big words and technical jargon. You should aim for a readability score of 60 or more. Since I’ve been using a readability tool, my score’s gone from an average of 58-60 to an average of 78-82. It works. Putting in Your Personality Allowing your personality to shine through your writing adds a personal touch to your blog posts that readers love. They’re more likely to subscribe to your blog posts - or at least bookmark your blog - when you add that human element. It creates a kind of relationship - and makes your blog posts sound different from all the other blog posts competing for your readers’ attention. Breaking Grammar Rules Writing consistently awesome blog posts means you have to break rules. Grammar rules, that is. All those things you were taught in school about split infinitives and contractions - your readers (mostly) don’t care about. Unless you’re writing a blog about grammar, of course. Blogs are much more informal. You’re speaking to your readers, not writing them an essay. Writing in a style they can relate to matters so much more than maintaining the rules of grammar. Polishing Your Posts Never hit the publish button until you’ve polished your posts. Ever. Your first draft might be perfect. It might be utterly awesome and epic. But don’t publish it yet. Please. Every writer’s different. Some leave their writing for a few days before they edit. Others leave it a few hours. It’s up to you - as long as you edit. When you come back to your blog post, you’re looking to polish till it’s perfect: Cut unnecessary words Add more emotion Break up any paragraphs that look too long Fact check Check the flow Add highlights Spark the senses Check your consistency Creating Irresistible Content, Consistently You want to write irresistible blog posts your readers will love, and you want to do it easily. The good news is that you’ve now got a formula for awesome blog posts. The bad news is that the formula makes it easier rather than easy. Writing awesome blog posts takes effort. It takes time. It takes practice. But you can do it. You’ve got all the tools you need to write blogs your readers will love. Yes, you’ll have moments of doubt. We all do. That’s just part of being a writer. You’ll look at the blog posts that the top ranking bloggers have written and wonder if you can ever compete. You can. You can’t let fear or intimidation stop you. You wouldn’t be reading this post if you didn’t believe, somewhere deep down inside, that you have it in you to write consistently awesome blogs. Learn from the writers who have gone before you - but don’t be intimidated by them. They were in your shoes not so long ago, and look where they are now. You’ll never get there if you don’t start, though. Start today. Start with hard-working headlines, and work your way up until it’s your blog that’s sitting at the top of the rankings and you that the world is turning to for advice.       About the author: Ariella is an experienced copywriter, editor, and digital marketing consultant. Driven by a passion for writing and content creation she takes pride in producing articles that deliver the latest information in an engaging manner and marketing campaigns that deliver exceptional results. Ariella has a BA (Hons) in English Language and Creative Writing (First), an MA in Theology and Ministry, and is a published author of three novels and a bestselling non-fiction book. A creative at heart, Ariella has 14 years’ industry experience and always aims to keep abreast of current trends and developments. She lives in the UK with her three beagles Zeke, Hope, and Sandy, who always make life interesting.

Applied Behavior Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applied Behavior Analysis - Essay Example All children between the ages of 3 and 21 are eligible for a special education program and related services (Bos, 2006). Applied behavior analysis and behavior modification are closely related. Technically, behavior modification in schools has become synonymous with reinforcement programs derived from operating conditioning principles (RJanzen,& eynoldes2007). Functional analysis methodology is an assessment strategy that identifies sources of reinforcement that maintain problem behavior and prescribe individual interventions that directly alert that conditions under which behavior occur. Applied behavior analysis involves the following: Performing a functional behavioral assessment – determining what function the behavior plays with the child. For example , in the classroom a problem behavior results in increased attention for a child. Find a different, harmless, or positive reinforcement to the child for engaging in that behavior. The reinforces would be similar to the function that the problem behavior served for that child. The child removed from the classroom when the tantrum begins, and he is rewarded with attention when he remain s in control two critical elements to understand the treatment are : understand the function of the problem behavior and identifying effective consequences . (Melucci 2004). The principles of learning that applied behavior problems include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, shaping, prompting, fading, extinction, punishment, molding, discrimination learning, task analysis and self- instructional talk. Most of these terms are described than the steps in behavior analysis are outlined. Finally, applied behavior analysis is illustrated with a case study. Reinforcement plays a huge role in governing human behavior. Reinforcement is a way that uses a stimuli, that helps an organism satisfy its biological needs. (Gleitman.,1998). Behavioral psychology, in particular

Project Implementation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Project Implementation - Assignment Example This research aims at curbing misappropriation of digital data within the customer premises. This refers to the use of data available within a premise for other purposes than the intended one. This includes officers taking away data from the company server for personal use. The need for a company to protect its data arises as results of numerous cases of misappropriation go on the rise. The main goal of this project remains to secure the data which its customers require secured from access. This shall be achieved through the installation of programs which allow only a limited access. The other goal of the project would be defining and securing the information accessed from the institutions’ infrastructure. The project shall also define the points at which certain data can be accessed. Limitation of access points will translate to being able to monitor access to any classified information. Access control shall also be another of the main goals of this project. This shall be aim ed at exerting control over what people can access while at the place of work. Creation of access control systems shall be essential for the success of the project. Basically, the scope of this project lies in securing information, which can be, accessed from company premises. This being classified information owned by the company and harmful information from other places outside the company. A need arises for the project to define personal and general information. Personal data can be defined as information relating to an identifiable subject. This information may relate to numerous aspects of the subject. This is information which one can be able to link or associate with another person. In the case of Soul’s clients, this information relates to student details, results and other personal records of students. This project aims at reducing cases of information

Comparison -contrast essay army vs airforce Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparison -contrast army vs airforce - Essay Example One of the main differences of course lies in the defence regulations of each branch. It is usually assumed that the air force is the only primary air defence whereas, it is often overlooked that the army also has a large number of defensive aircrafts. The basic difference is that the air force has more aircrafts devoted to research and development wherein new and latest technology is used to make more powerful aircrafts, while the army is always in preparedness and maintains constantly a battle ready fleet of aircrafts. The army when compared to the air force is capable of deploying its own massive air defence if required at anytime. The air force is however focused on maintaining a larger scope and geographically distributed air defence with its fleet, the army on the other hand concentrates on short range and more of emergency support which explains the functional designs of the aircrafts used by them. This reflects why the army uses short range aircrafts as opposed to the long range ones used in the air force, as they are mainly used for the in and out missions which does not require the long distance and high altitude defence strategies. This clearly defines each unit’s role in the defence function and its goals in general. When we take aircraft as the criteria the most general difference is the fact that aircraft focus or specialisation is a part of a very small function of these units when compared to the military as a whole. Stealth aircrafts are more for long range purposes which is why the airforce posses them while the army focuses more on maneuverability which is the main issue when it comes to the capabilities and functions of the aircraft. The airforce which concentrates on airpower therefore focuses on a combination of stealth, maneuverability and super speed with letahl exponents. Thus we can assume that the airforce jets don’t focus on the survivability factor while the the army tends to carry out more

Financial regulation in United Kingdom

Financial regulation in United Kingdom Introduction What policy-maker should do to improve the system of financial regulation to achieve its objectives more effectively becomes a hot topic especially after the financial crisis 2008. More and more people begin to pay attention to financial regulation. According to a survey from FSA in 2009, the spontaneous awareness of financial regulation amongst people living in Great Britain aged 16 was 21% and it is the highest level since the survey began[1]. This essay will analyse financial regulation in United Kingdom into three perspectives; the first part will explain how the system of financial regulation operates in the United Kingdom. Then, the reasons why financial services industry should be supervised by regulation such as FSA, and new challenges in this system in response to the financial crisis 2008 will be discussed in second part, final part will be some problems with the current system in my point of view to better protect the economy and consumer. The financial regulation system in United Kingdom First of all, a brief review of the history in the late 20th century of financial regulation system in United Kingdom may be necessary and useful to establish a better background and deeper understanding. Londons financial district is known as The City for many years, until the end of 1970s there was no specific banking law in the UK, however, prompted by the secondary banking crisis in 1972, the Banking Act 1979 was promulgated and assigned formal responsibility for supervision of the UK banks (Heffernan 2007)[2]. The evolution of the UKs financial sector since the early 1980s can be thought of as the gradual confluence of three previously quite separate streams. These are the primary banking sector, monitored and supervised by the Bank of England; the organized markets in the City, and the rest of the financial sector, including building societies and insurance companies and licensed securities dealers, each of these steams exhibited significant differences in the style and nature of regulation, especially in the balance between statutory and self-regulation(Blair)[3]. As the consequence of the Stock Exchanges Big Bang, which means a series of financial reforms to encourage greater competition, the aim of Financial Services Act (1986) was to protect investors. One year after, the Bank Act 1987 was amended to the Banking Act 1979, this Act established a new Board of Bank Supervision, which assists the Bank of England in regulating other banks. The closure of BCCI (1991) and the bankruptcy of Barings (1995) exposed the problems of the supervisory abilities of the Bank of England and the drawbacks of the self-regulation (Heffernan, 2007)[4]. On 20 May 1997, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced the reform of financial services regulation. In this resolution, banking supervision and investment services regulation were merged into the Securities and Investments Board (SIB), which changed its name to the Financial Services Authority in October 1997. Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 made the FSA became the sole regulator of all United Kingdom financial institutions. Since that time, FSA took the responsibility for all aspects of financial regulation progressively. According to the Financial Services and Markets Act, several other organisations responsibilities were transferred to the FSA, such as Building Societies Commission, Friendly Societies Commission, and Investment Management Regulatory Organisation. FSA superv ises the financial services industry as an independent non-governmental body, given statutory powers by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000; We are a company limited by guarantee and financed by the financial services industry. The Treasury appoints the FSA Board, which currently consists of a Chairman, a Chief Executive Officer, two Managing Directors, and ten non-executive directors (including a lead non-executive member, the Deputy Chairman). This Board sets our overall policy, but day-to-day decisions and management of the staff are the responsibility of the Executive. FSA has four statutory objectives, maintaining confidence in the financial system, promoting public understanding of the financial system, securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers; and reducing the extent to which it is possible for a business to be used for a purpose connected with financial crime (FSA, 2005)[5]. According to Heffernan (2007)[6], FSA tries to make a balance between risk and competition. RTO (risk to our objectives) approach is used widely to manage the risk in firms that supervised by the FSA (except the telecommunications and utilities sectors, etc), RTO also gives a score of probability of a certain firm to be a target for preventing the FSA from achieving its four statutory objectives. The score is easily calculated through: Impact score = (impact of the problem) * (probability of the problem arising) Each firm will be scored from A (very high risk) to D (low risk), and the score will also indicate the strength of supervision that FSA implements in a firm. Being a member of EU, UK financial regulation is influenced by EUs regulation in financial service industry, which is Financial Service Action Plan. An article named The EU Financial Services Action Plan: A Guide[7](2003), which prepared by HM Treasure, the Financial Services Authority and the Bank of England, introduced that UK financial law was effectively determined by the FSAP. It means that any UK financial regulation should not be conflict contradictory, and the UK authorities should be keen to ensure that the UK financial sector, corporate sector and consumer groups are consulted on, and fully understand the impact of, FSAP measures. European Commission uses FSAP to improve EU financial markets to be a Single Market, FSAP aims to fill gaps and eliminate remaining barriers among all EU members. Furthermore, in order to make EU financial services worked more effectively, Lamfalussy process was launched by EU Committee. It is a four-level, regulatory approach for adoption. Trying to consider the relationship between FSA and FSAP, the article also addressed that the FSA not only has extreme influence in UKs financial services, but also make its own contributions in EU, HM Treasury, the FSA and the Bank play key roles in identifying, influencing, promoting and overseeing the UKs interests in financial services in the EU. Promoting public understanding of the financial system and ensuring an appropriate degree of protection for consumers are objectives of FSA which also inform in EU. Why we need financial services industry to be regulated A brief history of UK financial regulation, which was introduced at the beginning of this article, may be a part of the whole picture. However, there are other extremely important reasons that hastened the coming of a type of financial regulation represented by FSA. At first, it is still necessary to review an important feature, which is self-regulation, in the development of the FSA. Self-regulation has proved to be an effective and reasonably efficient system for the British securities industry until very recently[8] (Rider). However, just like the historical review that illustrated above, with the upward rising of scandals and the dramatic change in security market, the foundation of the monopoly of self-regulation mechanism was challenged before the emergence of the super-regulator. Although FSA 1986 seemed that make a balance between statutory framework and self-regulation, the financial regulation system was still largely depended on self-regulation. The issue of mis-selling pensions has the most impact to make the government to make the final decision to end the self-regulation. Public confidence was significantly lost in personal pensions at that time and the truth that SIB lack adequate enforcement powers to take regulatory actions prec ipitated the process of giving financial service industry a statutory regulation system. After FSMA 2000, FSAs enforcement is safeguarded and the whole financial system in United Kingdom has leaned to be supervised in statutory way rather than self-regulated. The economic rationale for regulation will be examined as follow. According to an article, The Economic Rationale for Financial Regulation[9], written by David Llewelyn (1999), he analyses several reasons why there is a demand for a systematic regulation in economic world. Firstly, there are potential systemic risks in financial industry especially in banking industry. The main systemic risk is bank run, and worse still; this can leads to a solvent bank becoming insolvent since the limitation of most bank assets to be marketable, and due to asymmetric information problems, bank assets cannot be sold at par as potential buyers, these will add a high risk premium in the purchase price. Therefore, for the sake of depositors and banking institutions, a type for regulation on the bases of systemic risk is necessary. Secondly, market is not perfectly competitive. The main reason of market imperfection is that not all the investors can get adequate information of a certain market which they are engaging in, and this will impose costs on the consumer. Consequently, regulation plays a significant role to make sure the process of information disclosure and reinforce an effective market environment. In the article, he also explained the economies of scale in monitoring. Because of the nature of financial contracts between financial firms and their customers there is a need for continuous monitoring of the behaviour of financial firms. Regulatory agencies should monitor the financial firms in the name of consumers, since regulatory agencies are more effective and cost less in monitoring financial firms. After financial crisis 2008 Almost all of the financial regulation agency aim to maintain the stability of the financial market and consumers confidence; however, the change of real market circumstance seems faster than policy-makers precautionary measures. According to a speech, The financial crisis and the future of financial regulation[10] from Adair Turner, the Chairman of the FSA, he explained the main reason why this extreme crisis happened is the interaction between macroeconomic imbalances and the fast development in financial market which happened last ten years. In his speech, since the decline of the real risk free rates of interest, such as government bonds, credit extension was got a chance of dramatic growth especially in residential industry with deteriorated credit standards. Moreover, a desire to find a substitute for government bonds among investors who want to gain as much as possible spread above the risk-free rate was exploded. Sophisticated investment banks created a new kind of securitized credit instruments and it boomed so quickly, but unfortunately, like Lord Turner said: Not all innovation is equally useful, it collapsed since the investors became irrational. To reduce the adverse impact in economy, rebuild th e investor confidence and avoid future crisis, he pointed several strategies that regulators may concentrate on improving the regulation system. He argued that financial system should modify originate and distribute model which refer to securitized credit model easier to be understood, and more transparent to end investors. He also suggested that a new regime for capital adequacy and liquidity is necessary to lower the possibility of future crisis. In the end of his speech, he emphasized that financial regulation should always ensure that financial activities are regulated on the basis of their economic substance instead of their legal form. In the Turner Review[11] published by FSA in March 2009, there are more specific approaches about banking supervision that FSA plans to change and introduce. All the recommends can be highly summarized to be seven key measures as follow: Increasing the quantity and quality of bank capital. Significant increases in trading book capital: and the need for fundamental review. Avoiding procyclicality in Basel 2 implementation. Creating counter-cyclical capital buffers. Offsetting procyclicaality in published accounts. A gross leverage ratio backstop. Containing liquidity risks: in individual banks and at the systemic level. (FSA, 2009) After the financial crisis happened, FSA has been undertaking massive actions to improve regulation system. For example, according to FSA Annual Report 2008/09[12], the Banking Act 2009 is mainly able to resolve default problem and strengthen financial stability; as a result, a new bank insolvency procedure was introduced. A statement from FSA about Banking Act 2009 from FSA in July 2009 claimed that the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) can not only pay compensation to eligible customers of a financial firm if that firm including deposit takers is unable, or likely to be unable, to pay claims against it but also can also be required to contribute to the costs arising from the actions taken under the SRR.[13] In addition, FSA increased the general depositor protection limit from  £35,000 to  £50,000 per person per deposit-taking institution which will cover most of retail deposits in October 2008. In the aspect of supervising firms capital adequacy, FSA made efforts to let firms which have most impact know essential controls and standards by Dear CEO letter. Closely cooperated with EU and global regulation, FSA played an important role in G20 London Summit in April 2009, which focused on the future priorities for global financial regulation, and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Many recommendations, which became detailed international agreements, were from FSA. According to FSA Business Plan 2009/10[14], the FSA will intensively focus on the competence of Significant Influence Functions (SIF) individuals in high-impact firms. The Plan announced five core improvements that FSA will be focus on, which included an upgraded Training and Competence (TC) scheme for relationship-management supervisors, a new tenure policy (it will provide a framework for the minimum and maximum time a supervisor should manage a firm). My view in current UKs financial supervisory system During the accumulation of the knowledge of the history about the development of UKs financial regulation and the causes of financial crisis 2008, I find it is a process that the financial regulation continuously suits the changeable financial services industry, financial regulations solutions seem behind a certain innovations in financial market which has already begun cause negative effects in the whole economy. Financial crisis 2008 is evidence to prove that if financial regulation does not detect potential problems in a certain financial innovation and does not make adjustment promptly, a new crisis would be inevitably and it would cost a lot to correct the system along the right track. Therefore, an important lesson from crisis 2008 is financial regulation should always pay close attention to the moving direction of the market and fully analyses a financial innovation. A suggestion in my point of view is that financial regulation may has legislative to investigate and estimate p otential risk within a new financial product before it begin it to sell, and this procedure may require close cooperation with related financial institution. On the other hand, financial crisis 2008 make regulators intensively focus on risk-based analysis especially in banking or like-banking institutions, but it should not equal to discourage financial innovation. Almost all the financial derivatives contain risk, while, as long as regulators estimate it appropriately, these new financial products that contained huge intelligence can benefit consumers. Conclusion Being a single financial regulator in United Kingdom, Financial Services Authority has powers which was given by Financial Services and Market Act (FSMA) to supervise Britain financial industry. Demand for such kind of regulation can be observed in history and economic perspectives. Financial crisis 2008 as a prelude to FSA reinforces its system, supervision in banking industry become more intensively. The crisis also gave regulators a lesson that it is necessary to establish a balance between surpluses and deficits on the global level in the long-term, in addition, prudential analysis should be in a more effective way in order to reduce systematic risk. Finally, not just FSA, but all the other financial regulations should cooperate closely to build a more stable global financial system and avoid future crisis. Word Count: 2564/2500 Reference: Consumer awareness of the FSA and financial regulation, Consumer Research 80, FSA, 2009 Heffernan, S. (2007). Modern banking. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, pp.200-242 Blair et al, Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, pp. 1-16 Heffernan, S. (2007). Modern banking. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, pp. 231-232 FSA, 2005, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/About/Who/History/index.shtml Heffernan, S. (2007). Modern banking. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, pp. 235-237 THE EU FINANCIAL SERVICES ACTION PLAN: A GUIDE, 31 July 2003, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/fsap_guide.pdf Rider, Abrams and Ashe, Guide to Financial Services Regulation, pp. 1-26 The Economic Rationale for Financial Regulation, FSA Occasional Paper Series 1, April 1999, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/occpapers/OP01.pdf The financial crisis and the future of financial regulation, Speech by Adair Turner, The Economists Inaugural City Lecture, 21 January 2009 The Turner Review: A regulatory response to the global banking crisis, FSA, March 2009, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/turner_review.pdf FSA Annual Report 2008/09, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/Library/Corporate/Annual/ar08_09.shtml Policy Statement 09/11, Banking and compensation reform, FSA, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/policy/ps09_11.pdf FSA Business Plan 2009/10, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/Library/Corporate/Plan/bp2009.shtml Consumer awareness of the FSA and financial regulation, Consumer Research 80, FSA, 2009 Heffernan, S. (2007). Modern banking. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, pp.200-242 Blair et al, Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, pp. 1-16 Heffernan, S. (2007). Modern banking. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, pp. 231-232 FSA, 2005, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/About/Who/History/index.shtml Heffernan, S. (2007). Modern banking. John Wiley Sons, Ltd, pp. 235-237 THE EU FINANCIAL SERVICES ACTION PLAN: A GUIDE, 31 July 2003, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/fsap_guide.pdf Rider, Abrams and Ashe, Guide to Financial Services Regulation, pp. 1-26 The Economic Rationale for Financial Regulation, FSA Occasional Paper Series 1, April 1999, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/occpapers/OP01.pdf The financial crisis and the future of financial regulation, Speech by Adair Turner, The Economists Inaugural City Lecture, 21 January 2009 The Turner Review: A regulatory response to the global banking crisis, FSA, March 2009, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/turner_review.pdf FSA Annual Report 2008/09, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/Library/Corporate/Annual/ar08_09.shtml Policy Statement 09/11, Banking and compensation reform, FSA, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/policy/ps09_11.pdf FSA Business Plan 2009/10, http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/Library/Corporate/Plan/bp2009.shtml

Who Is To Blame? :: essays research papers fc

Who Is To Blame? At a home game against the Indianapolis Pacers, Detroit Pistons Center Ben Wallace reacted with fury against Pacer’s forward Ron Artest after a hard technical foul by Artest. An argument ensued followed by a shoving match between the two which got both teams involved. In a matter of minutes the brawl escalated into the seats of the fans, with some fans throwing fists and full cups of beer at the athlete, prompting what began as a simple altercation on the court into all out mayhem. Ron Artest, Anthony Johnson, David Harrison, Jermaine O'Neal and Stephen Jackson of the pacers and Ben Wallace of the Detroit Pistons as a result missed a significant portion of the regular season from suspensions as a result. Ron Artest was suspended for the remainder of the season. Four fans were banned from the home arena of the Detroit Pistons and lost his season tickets for future home games. The five suspended players of the Indiana Pacers as well as the four fans with ticket bans face charges in August in a Michigan Courtroom (Corbin).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When situations occur when the fans and the athletes get into confrontations, both the athlete and the fans involved must be held responsible. Too often fans get too rowdy and incite confrontations, by throwing cups of beer, chairs, fists and at times even screaming racial slurs. In almost every case of player/fan altercations, the athlete is viewed as the perpetrator in the eye of public opinion. In the view of many major media outlets such as ESPN and various network and cable news segments, and as well as in those of sportswriters, the fans have leverage because their tickets, concessions, and their contributions in television ratings collectively pay for the salaries of these athletes. In other words, the fans pay the bills of the athlete, so it’s almost as if they can do no wrong. However the flaw in this logic is that too little blame is placed on the fan and management’s lack of control of their behavior. In the case such as the one which the riot occurred in Detroit, fans should be held just as accountable as the athletes and justice should be served not only within the jurisdiction of the NBA, but also of the law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One detail which must not be lost is that fights occur in both levels of sport, fans among fans and athletes among athletes.

Favourite Place

Question no. 2 As we all know that everyone has their own favorite place which they want to go. The place is whether in our own country or overseas. Before travelling they need to have some preparation in term of financial. Some people like to travel from their country to other country or overseas, they need to have some preparation on their financial because the budget is not very cheap. While others who like to travel locally they no need to worry about the budget because it is cheaper than travelling overseas.Most of the people like to travel overseas because they want to survey their place, their lifestyle, and their society. For me, I prefer Bintulu as my favorite place because I like their environment. Even though they Bintulu is smaller when compare to other city but people who live in Bintulu is very polite and friendly. I have a lot of friend in Bintulu which I wish to meet up with them and hang out together.Due to the increasing population in Bintulu the minister of Bintulu are trying the best to increase the facilities such as hospital, shopping mall, Wi-Fi area and public telephone. The government is built cafe shop and shopping mall near to the housing estate. As the result, these facilities can help the society the better way of living and it’s easier for them to walk to the cafe shop or shopping mall. Besides, in Bintulu the environment is very clean. Other than that, the security in Bintulu is very reliable because the police done their duty.I also want to visit their beach which nearer to the Centre of the city. The beach is very beautiful and many people have their family vacation there. Other than that, while visiting, the visitor have the chance to drink sweet coconut. As a conclusion, this is the reason why Bintulu is my favorite place. Other than the facilities, security, society and environment which are clean, safe and enjoyable. Bintulu can also know as my second home because I feel safe and comfortable. I would like to visit my friend in Bintulu.

Van Gogh’s Starry Night

Despite my limited knowledge about art, its components, and the artists who create their masterpieces, Vincent Van Sago's The Starry Night is probably my favorite piece of artwork in the textbook. I love this painting and chose it because to me, this piece of work is so serene yet captivating and stimulating at the same time. I believe that if a piece of art can evoke that many emotions in a person, then it is truly a masterpiece. I actually have a replica of The Starry Night hanging in my house, which as another reason why I chose to discuss this particular painting.One of my favorite aspects about Van Sago's work is the lines depicted and painted in the art. I think that is the main element that makes The Starry Night so unique and beautiful. Van Gogh uses colorful and curvy lines in an energetic and stimulating way. The color used in this piece of art is also a powerful element included . I think that the colors Van Gogh chose to use are genius because it makes the painting more r ueful yet sets almost a cool and serene atmosphere by using the blue colors and its hues.The textbook suggests that many have depicted The Starry Night to reflect Van Sago's disturbed mind. However, I find the painting to have almost a mystical and calming effect. The different lines that Van Gogh uses in this piece of art also provide the piece with texture. Looking at The Starry Night hanging in my living room or the one in the textbook makes me want to reach out and actually be able to feel he artwork itself and the lines to feel the texture it appears to have.Van Gogh also uses the elements of light and dark superbly in this painting. The whole painting is created using darker colors yet the sky reflects lighter hues variously throughout which I believe provides The Starry Night with a nice contrast. I think that Vincent Van Sago's The Starry Night is my favorite piece of artwork I have seen yet and contains many different design elements and principles that help make it the mas terpiece that it is today.

Free Essays on Albert Bandura

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY of Albert Bandura If you've taken an introductory course in economics, you're already familiar with the policy planner's dilemma of deciding whether to allocate limited resources for guns or for butter. The problem is usually posed to illustrate the impersonal market forces of supply and demand, profit and loss. Yet planners are people, and most individuals come to the war-or-peace decision points of life having already developed preferred responses. Northwestern psychologist Donald Campbell calls these tendencies "acquired behavioral dispositions," and he suggests six ways that we learn to choose one option over another. 1. Trial-and-error experience is a hands-on exploration that might lead to tasting the butter and squeezing the trigger, or perhaps the other way around. 2. Perception of the object is a firsthand chance to look, admire, but don't touch a pistol and a pound of butter at close range. 3. Observation of another's response to the object is hearing a contented sigh when someone points the gun or spreads the butter on toast. It is also seeing critical frowns on faces of people who bypass the items in a store. 4. Modeling is watching someone fire the gun or melt the butter to put it on popcorn. 5. Exhortation is the National Rifle Association's plea to protect the right to bear arms or Willard Scott's commercial message urging us to use real butter. 6. Instruction about the object is a verbal description of the gun's effective range or of the number of calories in a pat of butter. Campbell claims that direct trial-and-error experience creates a deep and long-lasting acquired behavioral disposition, while perception has somewhat less effect, observation of response even less, and modeling less still. Exhortation is one of the most used but least effective means to influence attitudes or actions. Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura agrees that conversation is not an effective way of altering hum... Free Essays on Albert Bandura Free Essays on Albert Bandura SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY of Albert Bandura If you've taken an introductory course in economics, you're already familiar with the policy planner's dilemma of deciding whether to allocate limited resources for guns or for butter. The problem is usually posed to illustrate the impersonal market forces of supply and demand, profit and loss. Yet planners are people, and most individuals come to the war-or-peace decision points of life having already developed preferred responses. Northwestern psychologist Donald Campbell calls these tendencies "acquired behavioral dispositions," and he suggests six ways that we learn to choose one option over another. 1. Trial-and-error experience is a hands-on exploration that might lead to tasting the butter and squeezing the trigger, or perhaps the other way around. 2. Perception of the object is a firsthand chance to look, admire, but don't touch a pistol and a pound of butter at close range. 3. Observation of another's response to the object is hearing a contented sigh when someone points the gun or spreads the butter on toast. It is also seeing critical frowns on faces of people who bypass the items in a store. 4. Modeling is watching someone fire the gun or melt the butter to put it on popcorn. 5. Exhortation is the National Rifle Association's plea to protect the right to bear arms or Willard Scott's commercial message urging us to use real butter. 6. Instruction about the object is a verbal description of the gun's effective range or of the number of calories in a pat of butter. Campbell claims that direct trial-and-error experience creates a deep and long-lasting acquired behavioral disposition, while perception has somewhat less effect, observation of response even less, and modeling less still. Exhortation is one of the most used but least effective means to influence attitudes or actions. Stanford psychologist Albert Bandura agrees that conversation is not an effective way of altering hum...